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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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A function is continuous at a point a if three conditions are met: the function is defined at a, the limit of the function as x approaches a exists, and this limit equals the function’s value. Mathematically, this is written asThis definition ensures the graph of the function does not exhibit any breaks, holes, or jumps at that point. Discontinuities occur when any of these conditions fail. A removable discontinuity exists when the two-sided limit exists but the function is either...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats
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Blood Flow and Continuous EEG Changes during Symptomatic Plateau Waves.

Natalie Kreitzer1, Maggie Huynh2, Brandon Foreman3

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. kreitzne@ucmail.uc.edu.

Brain Sciences
|January 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meningioma resection can rarely cause severe brain swelling and intracranial pressure crises. Close monitoring is crucial for patients experiencing post-operative cerebral edema to detect these dangerous events.

Keywords:
cerebral edemameningiomaneuromonitoring

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Benign meningiomas rarely cause significant cerebral edema.
  • Post-operative cerebral edema following meningioma resection is an uncommon complication.

Observation:

  • A 49-year-old female developed malignant cerebral edema after meningioma resection.
  • Initial symptoms were concerning for seizure activity.
  • Transient blood flow changes indicated intracranial pressure (ICP) crises.

Findings:

  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) and noninvasive cerebral blood flow monitoring revealed ICP crises.
  • The patient's presentation highlighted a rare but serious complication of meningioma surgery.

Implications:

  • Close patient monitoring is essential after meningioma resection, especially with cerebral edema.
  • Early detection of ICP crises can prevent severe neurological outcomes.
  • This case underscores the need for vigilance in managing post-operative cerebral edema.