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Related Concept Videos

Expected Value01:15

Expected Value

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The expected value is known as the "long-term" average or mean. This means that over the long term of experimenting over and over, you would expect this average. The expected average is represented by the symbol μ. It is calculated as follows:
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Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

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Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins02:18

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

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A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n)  to the number of categories (k).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
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Current and Expected Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders.

Ausaf A Bari, Jasmine Thum, Diana Babayan

    Progress in Neurological Surgery
    |January 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a proven treatment for movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. Advances in technology and understanding are expanding its use and improving outcomes, with new alternatives also emerging.

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    Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Neurosurgery
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a standard therapy for intractable movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia.
    • The field is rapidly advancing with improvements in surgical techniques, hardware, and stimulation strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current state and future directions of deep brain stimulation for movement disorders.
    • To discuss emerging technologies and alternative treatments.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of recent advancements in DBS technology and applications.
    • Analysis of evolving treatment paradigms and emerging therapeutic options.

    Main Results:

    • DBS technology is improving with better patient selection, targeting, hardware, and closed-loop systems.
    • Enhanced safety and efficacy are broadening the indications for DBS.
    • MR-guided focused ultrasound offers a resurgence of lesioning as an alternative for select patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Deep brain stimulation continues to evolve, offering improved treatments for movement disorders.
    • Technological and mechanistic advances will expand DBS applications.
    • Non-invasive techniques like focused ultrasound present viable alternatives, diversifying treatment options.