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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Glucose Transporters01:27

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensor: From Invasive to Wearable Device.

Hyunjae Lee1,2, Yongseok Joseph Hong1,2, Seungmin Baik1,2

  • 1Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|January 16, 2018
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Summary

Continuous glucose monitoring is crucial for diabetes management. This review explores advancements in electrochemical glucose sensors, focusing on both invasive and noninvasive methods for accurate patient health assessment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Blood glucose monitoring is vital for managing diabetes mellitus.
  • Current electrochemical methods offer simplicity and quantitative analysis for glucose measurement.
  • Invasive monitoring poses challenges, especially for pediatric patients, due to the need for blood collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of enzyme-based electrochemical glucose sensors.
  • To discuss advancements in materials, device structures, fabrication, and system engineering.
  • To compare invasive and noninvasive glucose monitoring techniques using various biofluids.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on enzyme-based electrochemical glucose sensors.
  • Analysis of materials, device designs, and fabrication processes.
  • Description of integrated systems for glucose monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Electrochemical analysis is a key technology for glucose sensing, integrated into various devices.
  • Noninvasive methods using tears, saliva, ISF, and sweat are under investigation to overcome limitations of invasive techniques.
  • Recent progress shows promise in developing advanced enzyme-based glucose sensors and integrated systems.

Conclusions:

  • Enzyme-based electrochemical sensors are central to improving glucose monitoring.
  • Noninvasive techniques offer a patient-friendly alternative to traditional blood glucose tests.
  • Continued research in sensor technology and system integration is essential for effective diabetes management.