Neural substrates of purely endogenous, self-regulatory control of attention

Stimulus-driven orienting of attention toward a novel, salient stimulus is a highly adaptive behavior. In an opposing vein, it is also crucial to endogenously redirect attention to other stimuli of behavioral significance if the attended stimulus was evaluated to be unimportant. This stimulus-driven orienting and subsequent reorienting of attention are known to be mediated by similar neural substrates. However, this might be because reorienting was triggered by a sensory transition exogenously capturing attention, such as an abrupt onset of a new stimulus. Here, we used fMRI to measure the human brain's activity when attention captured by a salient distractor is endogenously reoriented toward the concurrent main task, without any exogenous shifting of attention. As results, the transient activity of the anterior insula (AI) signaled such endogenous reorienting, predicting behavioral performance. This finding points to the central role of the AI in purely endogenous, self-regulatory control of attention.