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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

990
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
990
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

591
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
591
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

764
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
764
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

548
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
548
Strength of Cement01:20

Strength of Cement

559
Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...
559
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

408
Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...
408

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Individualized Stem-positioning in Calcar-guided Short-stem Total Hip Arthroplasty
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Cemented total hip replacement in patients under 55 years.

Manish Kiran1, Linda R Johnston1, Sankar Sripada1

  • 1a University of Dundee, TORT Centre, Ninewells Hospital , Dundee , Scotland , UK.

Acta Orthopaedica
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cemented total hip replacements (THR) show excellent long-term results in patients under 55. This study found 97% survivorship at 22 years, demonstrating good functional and radiographic outcomes for cemented THR.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Over 86,000 total hip replacements (THR) in patients under 55 are registered in the UK.
  • Increasing use of uncemented implants without proven superior outcomes compared to cemented implants in this demographic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the long-term implant survivorship and functional outcomes of cemented THR in patients younger than 55 years.
  • To provide evidence-based data on cemented THR performance in a young, active population.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 104 hips in 100 patients undergoing cemented THR.
  • Functional outcomes assessed using the Harris Hip Score.
  • Radiographic evaluation for implant failure and Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis performed.

Main Results:

  • 89% of hips achieved good to excellent results at a mean 25-year follow-up.
  • Mean Harris Hip Score was 88.
  • 97% survivorship at a minimum of 22 years (revision for any reason).

Conclusions:

  • Cemented total hip replacement demonstrates favorable long-term functional and radiographic outcomes in patients under 55.
  • Cemented THR is a viable and effective option for young patients requiring hip arthroplasty.