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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Related Experiment Video

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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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The new paradigm: Integrating genomic function and nuclear architecture.

Ronald Berezney1, Xiangyun Wei1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260.

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
|January 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

New research reveals that DNA replication and transcription occur in organized nuclear zones. Dynamic changes in these zones during the cell cycle coordinate genomic processes in mammalian cells.

Keywords:
DNA replication sitesconfocal microscopyhigher-level nuclear organizationnuclear domainsnuclear matrixtranscription sites

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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The cell nucleus's structure and function are closely linked.
  • The nuclear matrix plays a role in organizing genomic processes.
  • Understanding nuclear architecture dynamics is key to comprehending cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial organization of DNA replication and transcription within the cell nucleus.
  • To explore the dynamic changes in nuclear architecture during the cell cycle.
  • To correlate nuclear form with the coordination of genomic programs.

Main Methods:

  • In situ labeling techniques were employed.
  • Three-dimensional microscopy was utilized.
  • Computer imaging analysis was performed to visualize nuclear organization.

Main Results:

  • DNA replication and transcription sites are organized into higher-order structures called "zones."
  • These replication and transcription zones exhibit dynamic interplay and "re-zoning" throughout the cell cycle.
  • The nuclear matrix provides a structural framework for these organized genomic processes.

Conclusions:

  • The dynamic "zoning" of replication and transcription is fundamental to coordinating genomic programs in mammalian cells.
  • Nuclear architecture's functional dynamics offer a new perspective on cell nucleus organization.
  • This study highlights the interplay between nuclear structure and the regulation of DNA replication and transcription.