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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
A single-phase line consists of two solid cylindrical conductors, denoted as x and y. Each conductor carries phasor currents ix and iy, respectively. Given that the sum of these currents is...
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Related Experiment Video

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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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Multi-phase-field model for surface and phase-boundary diffusion.

Raphael Schiedung1, Reza Darvishi Kamachali1, Ingo Steinbach1

  • 1Ruhr-Universität Bochum Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation (ICAMS) Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.

Physical Review. E
|January 20, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study generalizes the multi-phase-field model to simulate capillarity-driven diffusion, observing thermal grooving oscillations and transient nanocluster annealing structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physics

Background:

  • Capillarity-driven diffusion is crucial at interfaces between phases (e.g., solid-vapor, solid-solid).
  • Understanding surface evolution phenomena like thermal grooving and nanocluster annealing is vital for materials processing.
  • Previous models have limitations in fully capturing complex interface dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the multi-phase-field approach for capillarity-driven diffusion at surfaces and phase boundaries.
  • To investigate thermal grooving in polycrystalline materials and annealing of nanoclusters on deformable surfaces.
  • To analyze the formation of transient structures during annealing.

Main Methods:

  • Generalized multi-phase-field modeling incorporating curvature-dependent chemical potential.
  • Simulation of thermal grooving on polycrystalline surfaces.
  • Simulation of multi-nanocluster annealing on a deformable free surface.

Main Results:

  • Observed decaying oscillations in surface profile during thermal grooving, confirming theoretical predictions.
  • Simulated the formation of characteristic crater-like structures with elevated perimeters during nanocluster annealing.
  • Identified these structures as transient, non-equilibrium states.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized multi-phase-field model effectively captures capillarity-driven diffusion and associated phenomena.
  • The model provides insights into the dynamics of thermal grooving and nanocluster annealing.
  • Experimental observations of transient annealing structures are explained by the proposed model.