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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
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Inpatient Outcomes for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Associated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

George Cholankeril1,2, Menghan Hu3, Rosann Cholankeril2

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford.

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
|January 20, 2018
PubMed

Insights

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasing, especially in older patients. This trend impacts inpatient outcomes and mortality, necessitating a focus on risk stratification.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • All-cause mortality is rising for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a known complication associated with PCI.
  • The impact of PCI-related GIB on inpatient outcomes requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the inpatient outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • To assess the incidence and mortality rates of PCI-related GIB.
  • To identify risk factors associated with GIB and mortality in PCI patients.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample database (2007-2012).
  • Inpatient outcomes, including incidence, mortality, length of stay, and cost of care, were assessed for PCI hospitalizations with and without GIB.
  • Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified significant predictors for GIB incidence and mortality.

Main Results:

  • The incidence of PCI-related GIB increased by 13% from 2007 to 2012, with a 31% rise in patients aged 75 and older.
  • Hospitalizations with GIB had significantly longer lengths of stay and higher costs compared to non-GIB cases.
  • The GIB mortality rate increased by 30% from 2007 to 2012, with older age being the strongest predictor of mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Inpatient incidence and mortality for PCI-related GIB are increasing, particularly among older individuals.
  • Older age and specific comorbidities are significant risk factors for GIB and associated mortality.
  • A multidisciplinary approach focusing on risk stratification may help mitigate preventable GIB.
Abstract

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