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Effective sample preparation is crucial for accurate and reliable laboratory analysis. During this process, two significant sources of error can arise: concentration bias from improper sample splitting and contamination caused by methods used to reduce particle size, such as grinding or homogenization. Identifying and minimizing these potential errors is crucial to ensuring the validity of the analysis.
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
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Related Experiment Video

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Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food
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Reducing oral contamination during corneal scrapes.

Chameen Samarawickrama1,2, Yi-Chiao Li1,2, Nicole Carnt1,3

  • 1Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

BMJ Open Ophthalmology
|January 23, 2018
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Summary

Wearing surgical face masks significantly reduces bacterial contamination during corneal sampling procedures. This simple measure greatly improves sample quality by preventing oral microbiota transfer.

Keywords:
contaminationcorneal scrape

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Disease Control

Background:

  • Corneal sampling is crucial for diagnosing eye infections.
  • Contamination during sample collection can lead to misdiagnosis.
  • Oral bacteria are a potential source of contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify contaminants in corneal sampling.
  • To evaluate the impact of surgical face masks on contamination rates.

Main Methods:

  • Ten surgeons performed standardized corneal scraping onto blood agar plates.
  • Three groups were tested: mask worn, no mask, and no mask with pretreated plates (control).
  • Colony forming units (CFUs) were counted after incubation.

Main Results:

  • Mask use reduced CFUs by 95% compared to no mask.
  • Contamination decreased from 6.4 to 0.3 CFUs per surgeon with mask use.
  • Streptococcus species were the most common contaminants.

Conclusions:

  • Oral bacteria can contaminate corneal samples.
  • Surgical face masks are effective in reducing sample contamination.
  • Masks enhance the reliability of corneal sampling procedures.