Very small faces are easily discriminated under long and short exposure times

Acuity measures related to overall face size that can be perceived have not been studied quantitatively. Consequently, experimenters use a wide range of sizes (usually large) without always providing a rationale for their choices. I studied thresholds for face discrimination by presenting both long (500 ms)- and short (17, 33, 50 ms)-duration stimuli. Face width threshold for the long presentation was ~0.2°, and thresholds for the flashed stimuli ranged from ~0.3° for the 17-ms flash to ~0.23° for the 33- and 50-ms flashes. Such thresholds indicate that face stimuli used in physiological or psychophysical experiments are often too large to tap human fine spatial capabilities, and thus interpretations of such experiments should take into account face discrimination acuity. The 0.2° threshold found in this study is incompatible with the prevalent view that faces are represented by a population of specialized "face cells" because those cells do not respond to <1° stimuli and are optimally tuned to >4° faces. Also, the ability to discriminate small, high-spatial frequency flashed face stimuli is inconsistent with models suggesting that fixational drift transforms retinal spatial patterns into a temporal code. It seems therefore that the small image motions occurring during fixation do not disrupt our perception, because all relevant processing is over with before those motions can have significant effects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although face perception is central to human behavior, the minimally perceived face size is not known. This study shows that humans can discriminate very small (~0.2°) faces. Furthermore, even when flashed for tens of milliseconds, ~0.25° faces can be discriminated. Such fine acuity should impact modeling of physiological mechanisms of face perception. The ability to discriminate flashed faces where there is almost no eye movement indicates that eye drift is not essential for visibility.