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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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What is Climate?01:16

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
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Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
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Humidity determines snowpack ablation under a warming climate.

Adrian A Harpold1,2, Paul D Brooks3

  • 1Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557; aharpold@cabnr.unr.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change impacts snowpack differently across the US. Atmospheric humidity, not just temperature, controls snow melt and sublimation, affecting water supply predictions.

Keywords:
climatehumidityhydrologysnowwater resources

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Area of Science:

  • Climatology
  • Hydrology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Climate change is altering snow accumulation and melt patterns, impacting water supply.
  • Snow water equivalent (SWE) and melt changes are not uniform across the western US, indicating other factors influence snow ablation.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for predicting future water availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how atmospheric humidity and solar radiation interact with warming temperatures to control snowpack ablation.
  • To analyze snowpack response to warming across a temperature gradient in the western US.
  • To determine the role of humidity in spatial variability of snowpack response to climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed snowpack ablation at 462 sites across a mean winter temperature gradient (-8.9 to +2.9 °C).
  • Investigated the influence of atmospheric humidity, solar radiation, temperature, latent heat, and radiant energy fluxes on snow ablation.
  • Compared melt and sublimation rates under varying humidity conditions during winter and spring.

Main Results:

  • Widespread warming led to increased midwinter snow ablation events, particularly under humid conditions (21% SWE melt).
  • Under dry conditions, winter ablation was lower (12% SWE), likely dominated by sublimation.
  • Spring melt rates were faster under humid conditions, but some sites showed reduced spring melt due to earlier melt initiation with less solar radiation.

Conclusions:

  • Regional atmospheric humidity significantly influences snowpack response to warming, affecting local energy balance.
  • Humidity's role in latent and radiant energy fluxes is critical for understanding snow ablation patterns.
  • Accurate humidity data is essential for predicting future surface water supplies under climate change.