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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

20.2K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
20.2K
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

4.1K
Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
4.1K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.6K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.6K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.6K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.6K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.4K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.4K
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides02:48

Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides

8.5K
This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...
8.5K

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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
08:30

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

17.2K

Thermochromic halide perovskite solar cells.

Jia Lin1,2,3, Minliang Lai1, Letian Dou1,2,4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.

Nature Materials
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Smart photovoltaic windows use inorganic perovskites that change transparency and power output with temperature. These thermochromic solar cells offer stable, tunable light control for green building technologies.

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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Optoelectronics

Background:

  • Smart photovoltaic windows offer tunable transparency and power generation.
  • Inorganic halide perovskites are promising for such applications due to their tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a thermochromic solar cell for smart photovoltaic windows.
  • To utilize structural phase transitions in caesium lead iodide/bromide perovskites for tunable transparency and power output.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of thermochromic solar cells using inorganic halide perovskite (caesium lead iodide/bromide).
  • Investigation of thermally-driven, moisture-mediated reversible phase transitions.
  • Characterization of visible transparency, power output, and device efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The solar cells exhibit reversible transitions between a transparent non-perovskite phase (81.7% visible transparency) and a colored perovskite phase (35.4% visible transparency).
  • Achieved peak device efficiency above 7% with tunable colors and transparencies.
  • Demonstrated excellent device stability over repeated phase transition cycles without performance degradation.

Conclusions:

  • Thermochromic solar cells based on inorganic perovskites are viable for smart photovoltaic window applications.
  • These devices offer controllable light transmission and solar energy management.
  • The technology represents a significant step towards integrating smart windows in buildings and vehicles.