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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Buffers02:56

Buffers

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A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
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Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

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Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
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Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
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Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells01:20

Protein Buffers in Blood Plasma and Cells

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The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
Certain amino acids can exist in a zwitterion state at a...
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
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Tetraphenylphosphonium Bromide as a Cathode Buffer Layer Material for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells.

Monika Gupta1, Dong Yan1, Jianzhong Xu2

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (QPhPBr) functions as an effective electron-transporting layer (ETL) material, significantly boosting power conversion efficiency (PCE) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). Blends with N719 further enhance PSC performance.

Keywords:
alcohol solublebulk heterojunctioninterfacial engineeringsolar cellsolution-processibletetraphenylphosphonium bromide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) are a promising renewable energy technology.
  • Electron-transporting layers (ETLs) play a crucial role in optimizing charge extraction and device performance in PSCs.
  • Developing efficient and stable ETL materials is key to advancing PSC technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (QPhPBr) as a novel small-molecule organic material for ETLs in PSCs.
  • To evaluate the performance of QPhPBr as an ETL in various PSC active layer configurations.
  • To investigate the potential of QPhPBr, alone and in blends, for enhancing PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PSCs using PTB7-Th:PC71BM, PBDTTT-CT:PC71BM, and P3HT:PC71BM active layers with QPhPBr as the ETL.
  • Comparison of device performance with bare Al cathodes and N719 ETLs.
  • Characterization of device efficiency, including power conversion efficiency (PCE).
  • Exploration of mixed binary solutions of N719:QPhPBr for further performance enhancement.

Main Results:

  • QPhPBr-based PSCs demonstrated significantly higher PCEs compared to bare Al cathodes across different active layers.
  • Specific PCEs achieved with QPhPBr were up to 9.18% (PTB7-Th), 8.42% (PBDTTT-CT), and 4.81% (P3HT).
  • Mixed binary solutions of N719:QPhPBr further improved PSC efficiencies to 9.83%, 8.69%, and 5.35% respectively, due to work function modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (QPhPBr) is an effective small-molecule organic material for ETLs in high-efficiency PSCs.
  • QPhPBr and its binary blends with N719 can effectively regulate metal electrode surface properties.
  • These materials show significant potential as cathode buffer layers for advancing PSC technology.