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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

82.0K
The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
82.0K
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

123.2K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles01:19

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

6.2K
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R–COO−) are formed.
6.2K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.5K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
4.5K
Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

5.1K
Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.
5.1K
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

3.6K
Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
3.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics
08:29

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

Published on: November 27, 2017

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Keratin hydrolysis by dermatophytes.

Derry K Mercer1, Colin S Stewart

  • 1NovaBiotics Ltd, Cruickshank Building, Craibstone, Aberdeen, AB21 9TR, United Kingdom.

Medical Mycology
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dermatophytes break down keratin using enzymes for growth, causing fungal infections. Recent molecular and omics studies reveal insights into this complex biodegradation process.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Dermatophytes cause common superficial fungal infections (tinea).
  • These fungi degrade keratin for pathogenicity and virulence.
  • Keratin biodegradation involves proteolytic enzymes and nutrient utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review keratin biodegradation by dermatophytes.
  • To highlight recent molecular biology and omics advancements.
  • To dissect the complex mechanisms of keratin breakdown and uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature.
  • Focus on molecular biology techniques.
  • Integration of omics data (genomics, proteomics, etc.).

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Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering
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Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Published on: April 6, 2017

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics
08:29

Preparation of Keratin Hydrolysate from Chicken Feathers and Its Application in Cosmetics

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Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering
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Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

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Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups
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Main Results:

  • Keratin biodegradation starts with sulfitolysis of disulfide bonds.
  • Dermatophytes secrete diverse proteases (endo- and exoproteases) for extracellular breakdown.
  • Specific transporters facilitate uptake of breakdown products for metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • Dermatophyte proteases are crucial for virulence and infection.
  • Molecular and omics studies are advancing understanding of keratin utilization.
  • Further research is needed on keratin transporters.