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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting
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Antimicrobial immunotherapeutics: past, present and future.

Derry K Mercer1, Marie-Louise Francis1, Douglas Fraser-Pitt1

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Novel antimicrobial strategies leverage the immune system to combat resistance. This review explores immune-based therapies like CAR T cells and vaccines for infection treatment and prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the development of new therapeutic approaches.
  • The immune system offers a promising source for novel antimicrobial effector molecules and cell-based therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging immune-based strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance.
  • To discuss the potential of various immune system components and modifications as novel antimicrobials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on immune system-based antimicrobials.
  • Discussion of specific examples including immune checkpoint inhibitors, Interferons (IFNs), Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, antibodies, and vaccines.
  • Exploration of the concept of trained immunity in infection control.

Main Results:

  • Several immune-based strategies show promise in preclinical and clinical settings.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T cells, and antibody therapies are being investigated for direct antimicrobial effects or to enhance host defense.
  • Vaccines and trained immunity offer potential for both prevention and treatment of infections.

Conclusions:

  • Harnessing the immune system presents a viable and innovative avenue for developing new antimicrobials.
  • A diverse range of immune-based therapies, from small molecules to cell-based approaches, are under investigation.
  • Further research into trained immunity could unlock new strategies for long-term protection against infections.