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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry
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The bone remodelling cycle.

J S Kenkre1, Jhd Bassett2

  • 11 Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone remodelling, a lifelong process, maintains bone health through coordinated resorption and formation. Imbalances cause diseases like osteoporosis, treatable with new therapies.

Keywords:
Bone remodellingRANK/RANKL/OPG signallingWnt signallingosteoblastosteoclastosteocyteosteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Skeletal Physiology
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Bone remodelling is a continuous process essential for skeletal integrity and mineral balance.
  • It involves coupled osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic bone formation within basic multicellular units.
  • Dysregulation leads to metabolic bone diseases, primarily osteoporosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bone remodelling process and its regulatory mechanisms.
  • To discuss the pathophysiology and management of osteoporosis.
  • To summarize current pharmacological interventions for bone remodelling disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating bone remodelling.
  • Analysis of signalling pathways (RANK/RANKL/OPG, Wnt) and regulators (hormones, cytokines).
  • Examination of insights from human bone diseases and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Bone remodelling involves five coordinated steps: activation, resorption, reversal, formation, and termination.
  • Key regulators include RANK/RANKL/OPG and Wnt signalling pathways, paracrine factors, and endocrine hormones.
  • Disruption of this cycle underlies osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding bone remodelling mechanisms provides targets for therapeutic interventions.
  • Pharmacological strategies include antiresorptive and anabolic therapies.
  • Effective management of osteoporosis relies on addressing the imbalance in bone resorption and formation.