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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Population-Specific HOMA-IR Reference Ranges in Iraq: Defining Insulin Sensitivity in a Middle Eastern Cohort.

Mustafa Al-Bayaty1, Mohammed Shamil2, Ragheed Hussam Yousif3

  • 1Molecular and Medical BiotechnologyAl-Nahrain University.

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
|June 24, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study establishes sex-, age-, and BMI-specific reference ranges for the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Iraqi adults. These ranges are crucial for accurate insulin resistance assessment, especially in diverse populations.

Keywords:
AnalytesClinical studiesDiabetesPancreatic diseasesPeptide hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Clinical Biochemistry

Background:

  • Insulin resistance is a key factor in metabolic disorders.
  • The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a widely used surrogate marker.
  • Existing HOMA-IR reference ranges lack specificity for diverse populations, particularly in regions like Iraq.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish sex-, age-, and BMI-specific reference ranges for HOMA-IR in apparently healthy Iraqi adults.
  • To address the data gap for HOMA-IR reference values in Iraq.
  • To improve the accuracy of insulin resistance assessment in clinical and epidemiological studies.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 2,160 Iraqi adults aged 18-60 years.
  • Participants were stratified by sex, age groups (18-30, 31-45, 46-60), and BMI categories (normal, overweight, obese).
  • HOMA-IR was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels; reference ranges (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were determined using non-parametric methods (CLSI EP28-A3c).

Main Results:

  • HOMA-IR values significantly increased with advancing age and higher BMI (p < 0.001).
  • Males exhibited consistently higher HOMA-IR values than females across comparable subgroups.
  • All inter-group comparisons for HOMA-IR were statistically significant.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-, age-, and BMI-specific reference intervals are essential for accurate HOMA-IR interpretation.
  • This study provides the first large-scale reference ranges for HOMA-IR in Iraq.
  • The findings contribute valuable regional data to the global understanding of insulin resistance prevalence and assessment.