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Why and when hierarchy impacts team effectiveness: A meta-analytic integration.

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Area of Science:

  • Organizational Psychology
  • Team Dynamics
  • Management Science

Background:

  • Hierarchy is a common organizational structure with debated impacts on team effectiveness.
  • Previous research offers mixed findings on whether hierarchy benefits or harms teams.
  • Understanding the mechanisms and boundary conditions of hierarchy's effects is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analytically investigate the mechanisms through which hierarchy influences team effectiveness.
  • To examine boundary conditions that exacerbate or mitigate the effects of hierarchy.
  • To synthesize existing research to provide a clearer understanding of hierarchy's net impact.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a meta-analysis of 54 studies involving 13,914 teams.
  • Analyzed the relationship between hierarchy and team effectiveness (performance and viability).
  • Investigated mediating roles of conflict- and coordination-enabling states and moderating factors.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchy, on net, negatively impacts team effectiveness (performance: ρ = -.08; viability: ρ = -.11).
  • This negative effect is mediated by increased conflict-enabling states.
  • Team structure (membership instability, skill differentiation) and hierarchy mutability exacerbate negative effects by increasing conflict.

Conclusions:

  • Hierarchy's negative impact on team effectiveness, primarily through conflict, is a significant finding.
  • Certain team and hierarchy characteristics amplify these detrimental effects.
  • Future research should explore conditions under which hierarchy might yield functional benefits, as current evidence largely supports dysfunctional views.