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Androgen abuse epidemiology.

Dominic Sagoe1, Ståle Pallesen

  • 1Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

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Androgen abuse is more prevalent in Western countries and among athletes and specific subpopulations. Increased surveillance is needed due to the internet proliferation of performance-enhancing drugs.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Androgen abuse has evolved from athletic circles into the general population since the 1970s.
  • Prevalence varies significantly across geographical regions and demographic groups.
  • Adolescent androgen abuse and use in specific occupations warrant further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the current epidemiological literature on androgen abuse.
  • To synthesize prevalence estimates from empirical studies.
  • To identify trends and at-risk populations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of epidemiological literature.
  • Analysis of data from 32 empirical studies.
  • Synthesis of prevalence estimates across different regions and subpopulations.

Main Results:

  • Androgen abuse is more prevalent in Europe, the Middle East, North America, Oceania, and South America, and less so in Africa and Asia.
  • Higher prevalence is observed in athletes, injection drug users, recreational sportspeople, and sexual and gender minorities compared to the general population.
  • Androgen abuse is less common in women than men, with adolescents being a particular concern.

Conclusions:

  • Androgen abuse epidemiology shows distinct geographical and demographic patterns.
  • Targeted prevention and harm reduction strategies are necessary, especially concerning polypharmacy and online availability of performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs).
  • Further research is needed on androgen abuse in non-athletic occupations.