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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

1.5K
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
16
Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

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A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
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Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

5.2K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
5.2K
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

19
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
19
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

19
Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
19

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction
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Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction

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[Lichenoid drug reactions].

H F Merk1, L Vanstreels2, M Megahed2

  • 1Klinik für Dermatologie & Allergologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Deutschland. hans.merk@post.rwth-aachen.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|January 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lichenoid drug reactions are uncommon skin reactions linked to various medications, including biologics and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These reactions often mimic lichen planus, particularly on sun-exposed skin.

Keywords:
Anti-PD-1 antibodiesBiosimilarsGoldInterferonsTNF-α antagonists

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lichenoid drug reactions (LDRs) are infrequent compared to other drug exanthems.
  • LDRs are associated with specific drug classes, including gold, antimalarials, beta-blockers, and ACE inhibitors.
  • Emerging associations with novel therapeutics like biologics and immune checkpoint inhibitors are noted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the associations between specific drugs and lichenoid drug reactions.
  • To highlight the clinical presentation and potential triggers of LDRs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported cases and drug associations.
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics and affected skin areas.

Main Results:

  • LDRs present similarly to lichen planus, often on ultraviolet-exposed skin.
  • Mucosal and bullous variants of LDRs can also occur.
  • Associations extend to newer drug classes such as TNF antagonists and PD-1 inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Lichenoid drug reactions, though rare, represent a significant adverse drug event.
  • Awareness of associations with both traditional and novel drugs is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Clinical presentation can mimic idiopathic lichen planus, necessitating a thorough drug history.