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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
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Cushing, Penfield, and cortical stimulation.

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    |January 27, 2018
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Harvey Cushing

    Keywords:
    Harvey CushingMNI = Montreal Neurological InstituteMontreal Neurological InstituteWilder Penfieldcortical stimulationepilepsyhistory

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Neurology
    • Medical History

    Background:

    • Presents 8 historical sketches by Harvey Cushing detailing cortical stimulation techniques.
    • Illustrates Cushing's work on focal motor seizures and dyskinetic movements.
    • Highlights Cushing's contributions to epilepsy treatment and functional disorder management.

    Discussion:

    • The sketches offer rare insights into Cushing's early cortical stimulation methods.
    • Demonstrates the application of electrical stimulation in precise surgical resections.
    • Underscores the historical significance of these visual records in neurosurgery.

    Key Insights:

    • Cushing's sketches visually document the relationship between cortical lesions and motor function.
    • Electrical stimulation of the precentral gyrus was used to treat specific neurological conditions.
    • These historical illustrations aid in understanding the evolution of epilepsy surgery.

    Outlook:

    • These sketches provide valuable historical context for modern neurosurgical practices.
    • Further research into Cushing's and Penfield's collaborative work is warranted.
    • The findings contribute to a richer understanding of the history of neurosurgery and epilepsy treatment.