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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Mapping the Chromatin State Dynamics in Myoblasts.

Arun J Singh1, Michael K Gross1, Theresa M Filtz1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.

Gene Reports
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone modifications reveal gene regulation in limb development. Pitx2 influences myoblast progression, sarcomere formation, and suppresses neuronal axon attachment.

Keywords:
chromatinhomeoboxmuscle developmentmyogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cell states are characterized by unique chromatin landscapes and histone modifications.
  • Histone marks like H3K4me3 (promoters), H3K27me3 (repressed), and Pol II (active transcription) map regulatory sequences.
  • Poised sequences, marked by both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, are crucial for organogenesis pattern formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map chromatin states in mouse embryonic forelimbs using genome-wide profiling.
  • To investigate the role of Pitx2 in regulating gene expression and chromatin states during limb development.
  • To correlate Pitx2-dependent gene expression with chromatin states in developing myoblasts.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide profiling of H3K27me3, H3K4me3, and Pol II in wild type and Pitx2-null mutant mouse embryonic forelimbs.
  • Comparison with existing gene expression data from Lbx1+ migratory myoblasts.
  • Correlation analysis of Pitx2-dependent expression profiles and chromatin states.

Main Results:

  • Identified 125 Pitx2-dependent genes in the developing forelimb.
  • Genes involved in muscle specification and cytoskeleton architecture were positively regulated by Pitx2.
  • Genes associated with axonal path finding were found to be in a poised chromatin state.

Conclusions:

  • Histone modification profiles are effective for identifying gene regulatory states in muscle development.
  • Pitx2 plays a significant role in extending myoblast progression time.
  • Pitx2 promotes sarcomeric structure formation and suppresses neuronal axon attachment during limb development.