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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Observation of Photobehavior in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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Enhancing heterologous expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by transcript sequence optimization.

Iddo Weiner1,2, Shimshi Atar2, Shira Schweitzer1

  • 1The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|February 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing gene expression in microalgae like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is crucial for biotechnology. This study reveals how sequence features, codon usage, and mRNA folding impact heterologous gene expression, enabling significant improvements.

Keywords:
Chlamydomonas reinhardtiigene expressionheterologous expressionhydrogenasemicroalgaesequence optimization

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High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Algal Genomics

Background:

  • Microalgae are promising hosts for biotechnology due to their unique metabolic and growth properties.
  • Low nuclear heterologous gene expression in microalgae limits their biotechnological applications.
  • The model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii presents unique genomic challenges, including high GC content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sequence optimization algorithms for enhancing heterologous gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
  • To identify key transcript sequence features influencing gene expression levels.
  • To overcome limitations in nuclear gene expression for microalgal biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of genomic data and sequence optimization algorithms.
  • Design and synthesis of eight unique gene constructs for a reporter enzyme.
  • Transformation of synthetic genes into the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii nucleus and measurement of in vivo gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Observed up to a 65-fold variation in gene expression levels among different synthetic constructs.
  • Identified deleterious effects of codons encoding splicing signals on gene expression.
  • Demonstrated that preferred codon usage and mRNA folding energy near translation initiation significantly impact transcript levels.

Conclusions:

  • Computational and empirical approaches can elucidate gene expression mechanisms in microalgae.
  • Sequence optimization strategies, including codon selection and mRNA structure analysis, are vital for improving heterologous gene expression.
  • Findings provide a foundation for engineering enhanced gene expression systems in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for biotechnological purposes.