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What is Natural Selection?

What is Natural Selection?

Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.

Antibiotic Selection

Antibiotic Selection

Types of Selection

Types of Selection

Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations,...

Limits to Natural Selection

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

Published on: October 30, 2014

Multicolor Liposome Mixtures for Selective and Selectable Cargo Release.

Upendra Chitgupi¹, Shuai Shao¹, Kevin A Carter¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States.

|February 1, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed a new lipid chromophore for selective, on-demand release of multiple drug payloads from nanocarriers. This breakthrough enables precise control over drug delivery using different light wavelengths, enhancing cancer treatment strategies.

Keywords:

Liposomes controlled release nanocarriers photoactivatable porphyrin stimuli-responsive

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis

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Published on: October 30, 2014

A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

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Published on: March 19, 2020

Harnessing the Power of MicroRNA Cargoes in Small Extracellular Vesicles Released from Fresh-Frozen Human Brain Sections

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Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Photochemistry

Background:

Stimuli-triggered cargo release from nanocarriers is crucial for targeted drug delivery.
Existing methods often lack the ability to selectively release multiple payloads on demand.
Developing precise control over drug release is essential for advanced therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel lipid chromophore, purpurin-phospholipid (Pur-P), for wavelength-selective cargo release.
To demonstrate the capability of Pur-P and pyropheophorbide-phospholipid (Pyr-P) liposomes for controlled release of distinct cargos.
To establish multidimensional cytotoxicity gradients using light-released drugs against cancer cells.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of purpurin-phospholipid (Pur-P) and pyropheophorbide-phospholipid (Pyr-P).
Preparation of liposomes loaded with distinct cargos and incorporating Pur-P or Pyr-P.
Mixing of liposomes and selective cargo release triggered by specific laser irradiation wavelengths.
In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity gradients using doxorubicin anthraquinones.
In vivo assessment of wavelength selectivity following intramuscular administration in mice.

Main Results:

Pur-P exhibits near-infrared absorbance red-shifted by 30 nm compared to Pyr-P.
Liposomes with Pur-P or Pyr-P showed similar physical properties and fluorescence self-quenching.
Selective cargo release was achieved by varying irradiation wavelength, enabling spatiotemporal control.
Multidimensional cytotoxicity gradients were successfully established against cancer cells.
Wavelength selectivity of cargo release was maintained in vivo.

Conclusions:

Pur-P is a novel lipid chromophore enabling selective, wavelength-dependent cargo release from liposomes.
This technology allows for on-demand release of multiple payloads with spatiotemporal control.
The findings support the potential of this approach for advanced cancer therapy and targeted drug delivery.