Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...

The Carbon Cycle

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs...

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...

General Properties of Solutions

General Properties of Solutions

Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed.

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Molecular Surface Chemistry Drives Anomalous Clustering of Ultrasmall Silica Nanoparticles.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026

Same author

Stability constants of lanthanide-nitrate complexes in aqueous solutions: a theoretical study.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026

Same author

Noncanonical Folding of Peptoid Oligomers: Formation of a Closed Conformation in Nonpolar Solvent.

Organic letters·2026

Same author

Controlling metal-carbonate phase, form, and function through de novo protein design.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Fermionic mean-field dynamics for spin systems beyond free fermions.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Same author

MixPI: Mixed-time slicing path integral software for quantized molecular dynamics simulations.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Published on: May 14, 2019

Supersaturated calcium carbonate solutions are classical.

Katja Henzler¹, Evgenii O Fetisov², Mirza Galib³

¹Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.

Science Advances

|February 2, 2018

Summary

Recent studies proposed complex pathways for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nucleation. This research confirms classical nucleation theory, showing simple ions and ion pairs dominate CaCO3 nucleation processes.

More Related Videos

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives

Published on: May 14, 2019

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

Published on: February 21, 2017

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube High-Frequency Nanoelectronic Biosensor for Sensing in High Ionic Strength Solutions

Published on: July 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Geochemistry and Materials Science
Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Background:

Recent proposals suggest complex, multistage pathways for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nucleation.
These theories posit the existence of complex species beyond simple ions or ion pairs in CaCO3 solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the pathways preceding the initial stages of CaCO3 nucleation.
To reconcile theoretical predictions with experimental observations of CaCO3 nucleation.

Main Methods:

Employed a tightly coupled theoretical and experimental approach.
Utilized molecular simulations to model CaCO3 nucleation pathways.
Performed experimental validation using supersaturated CaCO3 solutions.

Main Results:

Molecular simulations accurately predicted bulk thermodynamic quantities and experimental data.
Experimental data included equilibrium constants, titration curves, and X-ray absorption spectra.
Results align with classical nucleation theory, indicating dominance of ions and ion pairs.

Conclusions:

The study supports classical views of cluster populations in CaCO3 nucleation.
Ions and ion pairs are the dominant species in the early stages of CaCO3 nucleation.
Free energy landscapes are consistent with classical nucleation theory.