Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Transfer Function in Control Systems

Transfer Function in Control Systems

The transfer function is a fundamental concept in the analysis and design of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It offers a concise way to understand how a system responds to different inputs in the frequency domain. It serves as a bridge between the time-domain differential equations that describe system dynamics and the frequency-domain representation that facilitates easier manipulation and analysis.
To derive the transfer function, consider a general nth-order linear time-invariant...

Associative Learning

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Does a monoclonal antibody targeting immune cells affect glutamatergic level in schizophrenia? A multimodal PET/MRS brain imaging study.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026

Same author

Genome-wide association studies of infant and toddler temperament in European and multi-ancestry populations.

Nature human behaviour·2026

Same author

Test-Retest Reliability of Sensorimotor Activity Measured With Spinal Cord fMRI.

Human brain mapping·2026

Same author

Growing up with ADHD: findings from an 18-year longitudinal follow-up study of adults with childhood ADHD, their siblings, and controls.

Psychiatry research·2026

Same author

Psychopathology from childhood to adolescence in children with and without Mild Intellectual Disability (MID): a comparison across three MID operationalizations.

European child & adolescent psychiatry·2026

Same author

Breastfeeding and Development of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Across Childhood.

Biological psychiatry·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

Anterior cingulate cortex glutamate and its association with striatal functioning during cognitive control.

Jilly Naaijen¹, David J Lythgoe², Marcel P Zwiers¹

¹Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology

|February 4, 2018

Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves altered glutamate signaling in the brain. This study links lower anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) glutamate to altered striatal activity during cognitive control tasks in ADHD.

Keywords:

ADHD Cognitive control Fronto-striatal circuit Glutamate fMRI

More Related Videos

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Published on: February 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

Published on: February 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Neurochemistry

Background:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder linked to fronto-striatal circuit dysfunction.
Impaired glutamate signaling in fronto-striatal circuits is implicated in ADHD, but its direct relation to cognitive control deficits remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) glutamate levels and striatal blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during cognitive control in individuals with ADHD.
To explore how ACC glutamate and striatal activity relate to ADHD symptoms and task performance.

Main Methods:

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure glutamate-to-creatine ratios in the ACC and dorsal striatum of 62 participants (ADHD probands, unaffected siblings, and controls).
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a Stroop task was performed on 32 participants to assess neural activity during cognitive control.
Statistical analyses examined associations between glutamate levels, striatal BOLD responses, and clinical measures.

Main Results:

Individuals with ADHD exhibited reduced glutamate-to-creatine ratios in the ACC compared to controls.
Lower ACC glutamate levels were significantly associated with increased striatal BOLD responses during cognitive control, independent of diagnosis.
Increased striatal activity showed a trend towards association with more errors and higher hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.

Conclusions:

Reduced ACC glutamate may be linked to altered striatal functioning during cognitive control in ADHD.
These findings highlight the potential role of fronto-striatal glutamate pathways in the pathophysiology of cognitive control deficits in ADHD.