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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
Coat assembly depends on the local availability of phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs and GTP-binding proteins. Adaptor proteins, which link the coat proteins to the membrane, bind to these PIPs and play a crucial role in controlling...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 26, 2026

Membrane Remodeling of Giant Vesicles in Response to Localized Calcium Ion Gradients
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Na+/Ca2+ exchange in coated microvesicles.

T Saermark, M Gratzl

    The Biochemical Journal
    |February 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Coated microvesicles from bovine neurohypophyses accumulate calcium (Ca2+) via an ATP-dependent system and a sodium-calcium (Na+/Ca2+) carrier. These vesicles also contain a proton-transporting ATPase linked to ion accumulation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroendocrinology
    • Cellular Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Coated microvesicles are involved in intracellular transport and signaling.
    • Neurohypophyseal vesicles play a crucial role in hormone release.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the mechanisms of Ca2+ transport in coated microvesicles from bovine neurohypophyses.
    • To characterize the ATPase activity in these microvesicles.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation of coated microvesicles from bovine neurohypophyses.
    • Measurement of Ca2+ uptake and release using ATP and ion gradients.
    • Kinetic analysis of Ca2+ transport.
    • Characterization of ATPase activity with varying ion concentrations and ionophores.

    Main Results:

    • Coated microvesicles accumulate Ca2+ via an ATP-dependent system and a Na+/Ca2+ carrier.
    • Na+, but not K+, releases accumulated Ca2+.
    • ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake showed a Km of 0.8 microM and Vmax of 2 nmol/5 min/mg protein.
    • Nifedipine and NH4Cl inhibited Ca2+ uptake.
    • The enzyme exhibits properties of a proton-transporting ATPase, activated by proton permeability enhancers.

    Conclusions:

    • Coated microvesicles possess both an ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport system and a Na+/Ca2+ carrier.
    • A proton-transporting ATPase is present and likely linked to ion accumulation within these vesicles.