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Related Concept Videos

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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The Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on Hand Microcirculation.

Matthew J Pywell1, Matthew Wordsworth1, Richard M Kwasnicki1

  • 1Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|February 6, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Nicotine electronic cigarettes (eCigarettes) significantly impair hand microcirculation in smokers. Non-nicotine eCigarettes improved circulation, suggesting a safer alternative for smokers undergoing hand surgery.

Keywords:
eCigarettelaser Dopplermicrocirculationsmokingvaping

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular biology
  • Hand surgery outcomes
  • Electronic cigarette research

Background:

  • Conventional cigarette smoking negatively impacts peripheral microcirculation, leading to poorer outcomes in hand surgery.
  • Electronic cigarettes (eCigarettes) are increasingly used, but their effect on hand microcirculation remains unstudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of eCigarette use on peripheral microcirculation in healthy subjects.
  • To compare the effects of nicotine and non-nicotine eCigarettes on hand microcirculation.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen healthy subjects (7 smokers, 8 nonsmokers) were recruited.
  • Noninvasive O2C laser Doppler probe measured deep and superficial hand microcirculation.
  • Subjects inhaled 0-mg and 24-mg eCigarettes, with measurements taken during and for 20 minutes post-inhalation.

Main Results:

  • Smokers experienced significant reductions in superficial (up to 77%) and deep (up to 29%) hand microcirculation after using 24-mg eCigarettes.
  • Inhaling 0-mg eCigarettes led to a significant increase in superficial flow (up to 70%) in smokers, with no change in deep flow.
  • Nonsmokers showed no significant changes in microcirculation with either type of eCigarette.

Conclusions:

  • A 24-mg nicotine eCigarette significantly impairs hand microcirculation in smokers.
  • Non-nicotine eCigarettes may serve as a safer alternative for smokers, as they improved microcirculation.