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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
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First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
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A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
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Refractory thyroid carcinoma: which systemic treatment to use?

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  • 1Oncology Department, CHU UCL Namur, 1 rue Therasse, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.

Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology
|February 6, 2018
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Summary

Thyroid cancer incidence is rising, but mortality remains stable. New targeted therapies show promise for advanced, radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer, offering improved survival beyond traditional treatments.

Keywords:
PRRTchemotherapymutationspeptide receptor radionuclide therapythyroid carcinomatyrosine kinase inhibitor

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer incidence has increased significantly in recent decades, with stable mortality rates.
  • Standard treatments include surgery and radioactive iodine, but many cancers recur.
  • Locally advanced or metastatic thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine presents a treatment challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging systemic therapies for radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer.
  • To discuss the efficacy of targeted therapies in improving overall survival for these patients.
  • To explore alternative treatment modalities such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical studies and literature on thyroid cancer treatment.
  • Analysis of outcomes for patients treated with novel systemic therapies.
  • Evaluation of emerging therapeutic strategies for refractory thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Chemotherapy demonstrates a very low response rate in advanced thyroid cancer.
  • Emerging targeted therapies have shown significant improvements in overall survival.
  • Alternative treatments like peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and immunotherapy are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic therapies, particularly targeted agents, represent a significant advancement for radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancer.
  • These newer treatments offer improved survival outcomes for patients with advanced or metastatic disease.
  • Further research into peptide receptor radionuclide therapy and immunotherapy is warranted.