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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.9K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.9K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

132.5K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
132.5K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.3K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.4K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.4K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

18.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
18.0K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

88.2K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
88.2K

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Ionotactile Stimulation: Nonvolatile Ionic Gels for Human-Machine Interfaces.

Samuel E Root1, Cody W Carpenter1, Laure V Kayser1

  • 1Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new nonvolatile ionic gel offers improved electrotactile stimulation. This soft, conductive material adheres better to skin and provides a wider comfort range for haptic feedback devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrotactile stimulation is a key technology for haptic feedback.
  • Conventional ionic hydrogels used as interfaces can dry out and have limited adhesion.
  • Improving the interface material is crucial for effective and comfortable electrotactile devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a nonvolatile ionic gel as a soft, conductive interface for electrotactile stimulation.
  • To compare the properties of the nonvolatile ionic gel with conventional ionic hydrogels.
  • To evaluate the performance of the nonvolatile ionic gel in psychophysical experiments and device fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Materials characterization of the ionic gel, including its nonvolatile properties and adhesion to skin.
  • Impedance spectroscopy to assess the electrical properties of the gel across physiological frequencies.
  • Psychophysical experiments to determine the window of comfortable stimulation.
  • Fabrication of a pixelated device to demonstrate spatial resolution.

Main Results:

  • The glycerol-containing ionic gel demonstrated nonvolatility, preventing drying in air.
  • The nonvolatile gel exhibited superior adhesion to skin compared to conventional hydrogels.
  • The impedance spectrum of the nonvolatile gel was comparable to hydrogels within physiological frequencies.
  • Psychophysical tests showed a wider comfortable stimulation window with the nonvolatile gel.
  • A functional pixelated device was successfully fabricated, showcasing spatial haptic signal resolution.

Conclusions:

  • Nonvolatile ionic gels represent a promising advancement for electrotactile stimulation interfaces.
  • These gels offer enhanced performance in terms of durability, skin adhesion, and user comfort.
  • The developed material and device demonstrate potential for next-generation haptic feedback systems.