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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Nanotechnology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Confocal microscopy is limited by the diffraction limit.
    • Surface plasmon coupled emission (SPCEM) offers potential for enhanced optical resolution.
    • Vectorial light polarization can manipulate light-matter interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To achieve super-resolution fluorescence imaging beyond the Rayleigh diffraction limit.
    • To enhance the capabilities of confocal surface plasmon coupled emission microscopy (C-SPCEM).
    • To investigate the role of illumination polarization in manipulating the point spread function (PSF).

    Main Methods:

    • Combined C-SPCEM with the fluorescence emission difference (FED) technique.
    • Utilized radially-polarized or circularly-polarized illumination to achieve solid or hollow PSFs.
    • Investigated the interaction between fluorescent emitters and vector focal fields on plasmonic substrates.
    • Experimentally imaged 150 nm aggregated fluorescent beads.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated manipulation of C-SPCEM's PSF using illumination polarization.
    • Achieved a reduced PSF with a full-width half-maximum of approximately λ/4 using FED.
    • Successfully surpassed the Rayleigh diffraction limit for fluorescence imaging.
    • Experimentally validated super-resolution imaging of 150 nm fluorescent beads.

    Conclusions:

    • The combination of C-SPCEM and FED enables super-resolution fluorescence imaging.
    • Polarization control of illumination is crucial for tailoring the PSF in C-SPCEM.
    • This technique provides a powerful tool for high-resolution imaging in various scientific fields.