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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

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Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure
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Cutoff Value of Phase Angle by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis at Admission as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

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Heart Failure as a Risk Factor for Stroke.

Woohyeun Kim1, Eung Ju Kim1

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Stroke
|February 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Heart failure (HF) increases stroke risk. New anticoagulants offer safer stroke prevention for HF patients, targeting HF as an unconventional risk factor.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a leading global cause of mortality.
  • A significant stroke incidence in HF patients has raised questions about HF as an independent stroke risk factor.
  • Emerging evidence confirms HF as a direct contributor to stroke risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between stroke and heart failure (HF).
  • To highlight HF as an unconventional yet significant risk factor for stroke.
  • To explore HF as a potential target for novel stroke prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the link between HF and stroke.
  • Analysis of stroke risk in HF patients.
Keywords:
CHA2DS2-VASc scoreHeart failureStroke

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  • Evaluation of anticoagulation therapies for stroke prevention in HF.

    • Main Results:

    • HF is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for stroke.
    • Traditional anticoagulants like warfarin present bleeding risks that can outweigh benefits in HF patients.
    • Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) show promise for effective stroke prevention with lower bleeding risks.

    Conclusions:

    • Heart failure is a critical, unconventional risk factor for stroke.
    • Selective anticoagulation with NOACs in HF patients may significantly improve stroke prevention.
    • Targeting HF offers a promising new avenue for reducing stroke incidence.