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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor GM-CSF-producing T Helper THGM Cells
Published on: September 10, 2018
Multiple sclerosis onset after granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor withdrawal
J Chong1, M Cohen2, E Waubant1
1UCSF Multiple Sclerosis Center, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
Abstract:
A 51-year old woman with stage III melanoma participated in a phase II clinical trial in which she received subcutaneous rhGM-CSF injections for 3 years. She was in remission by the end of the trial. Seven months after discontinuing GM-CSF she had her first MS event. The unique timeline of rh-GM-CSF injections in a melanoma trial, during which yearly MRI scans showed subtle stable demyelination followed by RRMS onset shortly after discontinuation of treatment, may provide some insight on the role of GM-CSF in MS.
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