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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Synthesis of Graphene-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Potential Use in Bone Tissue Engineering
Published on: July 27, 2022
Hydroxyapatite Microspheres as an Additive to Enhance Radiopacity, Biocompatibility, and Osteoconductivity of
In-Gu Kang1, Cheon-Il Park2, Hyun Lee3
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. haeronggu@snu.ac.kr.
Abstract:
This study demonstrates the utility of hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres as an additive to enhance the radiopaque properties, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements. HA microspheres were synthesized using spray drying. They had well-defined spherical shapes, thus allowing for the production of PMMA/HA composites with a very high HA content (20 vol % and 40 vol %). The uniform distribution of these HA microspheres in the PMMA matrix resulted in a remarkable increase in compressive modulus (p < 0.05), while preserving a reasonably high compressive strength. The PMMA/HA bone cements showed much higher radiopacity than PMMA containing BaSO₄ as the additive. This was attributed to the high HA content up to 40 vol %. In addition, the biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of PMMA/HA bone cements were significantly enhanced compared to those of PMMA bone cements containing BaSO₄, which were assessed using in vitro tests and in vivo animal experiments.
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