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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium
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Wrinkling patterns in soft shells.

Cheng Zhang1, Yu-Kun Hao, Bo Li

  • 1Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. libome@tsinghua.edu.cn fengxq@tsinghua.edu.cn.

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|February 9, 2018
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Summary

An outward force on a hemispherical soft shell causes a four-stage shape change, transforming it into a wrinkled pseudocone. This study reveals critical conditions for these morphological transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Mechanical engineering

Background:

  • Shell structures exhibit complex behaviors under mechanical stress.
  • Curvature significantly influences the morphological evolution of soft shells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the morphological transitions of a hemispherical soft shell under an increasing outward point force.
  • Determine the critical conditions governing these shape changes.
  • Understand the interplay of elastic energies and shell curvature.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental analysis of soft shell deformation.
  • Theoretical modeling of shell mechanics.
  • Numerical simulations to validate findings.

Main Results:

  • Observed a four-stage morphological transition under outward force, including axisymmetric deformation, shallow wrinkling, deep crumpling, and pseudocone formation.
  • Identified symmetry breaking during the deformation process.
  • Characterized the critical forces and conditions for each transition stage.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the complex, multi-stage deformation of hemispherical shells under outward forces.
  • Findings highlight the critical role of elastic bending and stretching energies in dictating shell morphology.
  • Provides a framework for predicting and controlling soft shell behavior.