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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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Gene Therapy00:59

Gene Therapy

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

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This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
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Group Therapy01:26

Group Therapy

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Group therapy is a sociocultural approach to psychological treatment, where individuals with shared psychological challenges come together under the guidance of a mental health professional. This therapeutic modality offers unique opportunities for individuals to connect, share, and grow within the context of a supportive group. By fostering mutual understanding and collaboration, group therapy can address a range of psychological concerns effectively, often complementing or surpassing the...
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Behavior Therapy01:22

Behavior Therapy

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Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

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[Why proton therapy? And how?]

Juliette Thariat1, Jean Louis Habrand2, Paul Lesueur2

  • 1Centre François-Baclesse, Department of Radiation Oncology, 3, avenue General-Harris, 14000 Caen, France; Unicaen, Normandie université, laboratoire de physique corpusculaire IN2P3/ENSICAEN, UMR6534, boulevard du Marechal-Juin, 14050 Caen, France.

Bulletin Du Cancer
|February 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Proton therapy, a precise radiotherapy using protons, offers advantages over traditional photon therapy. Technological advancements are making this advanced cancer treatment more accessible and expanding its clinical applications.

Keywords:
AcceleratorAccélérateurCancerIncertitudeIndicationNamingProton therapyProtonthérapieRadiotherapyRadiothérapieTerminologieUncertainty

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Proton therapy utilizes protons, charged particles with a defined stopping range (pristine Bragg peak), unlike photon-based radiotherapy.
  • Recent advancements in particle accelerator technology have driven the widespread adoption of proton therapy over the past decade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical clinical implementation of proton therapy.
  • To explore technological advances enabling cost-effective expansion of proton therapy.
  • To discuss the technical, physical, and clinical aspects of proton therapy, including areas needing further evidence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data on clinical proton therapy implementation.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in particle accelerators (cyclotrons, synchrotrons).
  • Explanation of proton delivery techniques (passive diffusion, active scanning) and associated terminology.

Main Results:

  • Proton therapy's unique depth-dose deposition requires precise control, increasing technical demands.
  • Prioritization of clinical indications is necessary due to uncertainties like range variations and tumor motion in lung treatments.
  • The potential clinical applications for proton therapy are extensive, with specific strategies detailed in a companion manuscript.

Conclusions:

  • Proton therapy represents a significant evolution in radiotherapy, offering precise dose delivery.
  • Ongoing technological progress facilitates broader access to proton therapy.
  • Careful consideration of uncertainties and evidence is crucial for expanding proton therapy indications.