Vascular malformations: classification, diagnosis and treatment.

Area of Science:

• Medical science
• Vascular biology
• Congenital disorders

Background:

• Vascular malformations are congenital lesions with complex presentations and evolving management strategies.
• Existing literature presents conflicting evidence, necessitating a comprehensive review.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of major vascular malformations.
• To consolidate current understanding and provide a framework for clinical management.

Main Methods:

• A non-systematic literature review was performed using PubMed/Medline.
• Seventy-nine relevant articles were selected based on scientific merit and subject relevance.

Main Results:

• Vascular malformations arise from errors in vasculogenesis and are present at birth, though not always apparent.
• Classified by vessel type (arteriovenous, venous, capillary, lymphatic) or combined, they present variably and can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, and functional impairment.
• Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation and imaging, particularly MRI. Treatment options include medical, interventional, and surgical approaches.

Conclusions:

• Vascular malformations are complex pathologies requiring multidisciplinary team management.
• Achieving a cure can be challenging; treatment should focus on symptomatic control and improving patient quality of life.