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Related Concept Videos

Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

550
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
550
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

396
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
396
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
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Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

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In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

1.4K
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
1.4K
Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Concurrent Quantification of Cellular and Extracellular Components of Biofilms
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Concurrent Quantification of Cellular and Extracellular Components of Biofilms

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Concurrent credit portfolio losses.

Joachim Sicking1, Thomas Guhr1, Rudi Schäfer1

  • 1Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 46057 Duisburg, Germany.

Plos One
|February 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Concurrent large credit portfolio losses are more probable than small ones, with significant correlations found even in smaller portfolios. Idiosyncratic effects are minimal, posing risks to financial stability.

Area of Science:

  • Quantitative Finance
  • Financial Risk Management
  • Econometrics

Background:

  • Understanding portfolio loss dependencies is crucial for financial stability.
  • Traditional models often assume Gaussian dependence, which may not reflect reality.
  • Non-overlapping credit portfolios present unique challenges in dependence modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the statistical dependence structure of concurrent losses in two non-overlapping credit portfolios.
  • To investigate the impact of portfolio size on loss correlations.
  • To assess the role of idiosyncratic effects in portfolio losses.

Main Methods:

  • Estimation of empirical pairwise copulas to capture dependence structures.
  • Analysis of loss correlations across portfolios of varying sizes.

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  • Evaluation of idiosyncratic versus systemic risk components.
  • Main Results:

    • Empirical copulas reveal strong asymmetries, indicating large concurrent losses are more likely than small ones.
    • Significant portfolio loss correlations are observed across large, medium, and small portfolios.
    • Idiosyncratic effects contributing to portfolio losses are found to be negligible.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings challenge standard financial models and highlight the prevalence of tail dependence in credit portfolios.
    • The results have significant implications for investors in structured products and overall financial sector stability.
    • Risk management strategies need to account for asymmetric dependencies and pervasive correlations, even in smaller portfolios.