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In vitro methods for the evaluation of antimicrobial surface designs.

Jelmer Sjollema1, Sebastian A J Zaat2, Veronique Fontaine3

  • 1University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of BioMedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Acta Biomaterialia
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PubMed
Summary

Evaluating antimicrobial biomaterials requires specific methods for each action mechanism: releasing, contact-killing, or non-adhesivity. This review categorizes 14 methods to guide selection and improve translation of novel antimicrobial coatings.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial-releasingBiofilmBiomaterial-associated infectionContact-killingNon-adhesive

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Infectious Disease Research
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on biomedical implants lead to device failure.
  • Systemic antibiotics are often ineffective against biofilms, necessitating antimicrobial biomaterials.
  • Existing industrial standard tests inadequately address diverse antimicrobial surface design mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize 14 in vitro evaluation methods for antimicrobial surface designs.
  • To match evaluation methods to specific antimicrobial mechanisms: antimicrobial-releasing, contact-killing, and non-adhesivity.
  • To provide a guide for selecting appropriate methods to facilitate clinical translation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and categorization of 14 existing in vitro evaluation methods.
  • Analysis of method suitability based on antimicrobial mechanism of action.
  • Comparison with industrial standard tests.

Main Results:

  • No single method effectively evaluates all three antimicrobial mechanisms.
  • Each method is best suited for a specific antimicrobial mechanism.
  • A table is provided to guide the selection of appropriate evaluation methods.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate in vitro evaluation is crucial for novel antimicrobial biomaterials.
  • Tailored methods are needed to accurately assess antimicrobial surface designs.
  • Improved evaluation strategies will accelerate the clinical translation of antimicrobial coatings.