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Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Review and Preview

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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due...

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Sedation in Bronchoscopy: A Review.

Amanda J McCambridge¹, Richard Paul Boesch², John J Mullon¹

¹Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Clinics in Chest Medicine

|February 14, 2018

Summary

Sedation options for flexible bronchoscopy are diverse, with choices often based on individual practitioner preferences. This review examines current data on sedation practices for this common medical procedure.

Keywords:

Anesthesia Bronchoscopy Review Sedation

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An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

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Published on: April 15, 2015

Area of Science:

Medical Procedures
Anesthesiology
Pulmonology

Background:

Bronchoscopy is a widely used diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedure.
Flexible bronchoscopy typically involves sedation, with sedative choice varying among practitioners.
Understanding sedation's complexities and options is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review existing data on sedation during bronchoscopy.
To provide an overview of sedative options and their application in bronchoscopic procedures.

Main Methods:

A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, covering publications from 1969 to 2016.
Data from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies were prioritized.
A comprehensive review of relevant data was performed.

Main Results:

The review synthesizes available information on sedation for bronchoscopy.
It highlights the range of sedative options and their use in clinical practice.
The complexity of sedation and varying degrees of consciousness are discussed.

Conclusions:

Sedation is an integral part of flexible bronchoscopy.
The selection of sedatives is influenced by individual practitioner patterns.
Further understanding and standardization of sedation practices may enhance patient outcomes.