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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes
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Hybrid Indicators for Fast and Sensitive Voltage Imaging.

Yongxian Xu1,2,3, Luxin Peng1, Sicong Wang1

  • 1College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel fluorescent voltage indicator using modified microbial rhodopsins. This sensitive, fast orange indicator allows high-resolution mapping of electrical signals and reveals long-range cellular coupling.

Keywords:
FRETclick chemistryfluorescent probesprotein engineeringvoltage imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Membrane voltage is a critical biophysical signal for intercellular electrical communication.
  • Investigating electrical signaling requires tools with high spatial and temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel fluorescent voltage indicator for high-resolution electrical signaling studies.
  • To create a sensitive and fast voltage indicator for mapping cellular connectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Site-specific modification of microbial rhodopsin proteins with organic fluorophores.
  • Development of a hybrid indicator scaffold for voltage sensing.
  • Application of the indicator to optically map electrical connectivity in cultured cells.

Main Results:

  • The developed indicator is one of the most sensitive and fastest orange-colored voltage indicators available.
  • Optical mapping revealed gap junction-mediated long-range electrical coupling.
  • Electrical coupling was observed to span over hundreds of micrometers in cultured cells.

Conclusions:

  • The novel fluorescent voltage indicator enables high-resolution investigation of electrical signaling.
  • The indicator facilitates the study of long-range intercellular electrical communication.
  • This technology advances the understanding of electrical connectivity in biological systems.