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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...

Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...

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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

Published on: May 16, 2025

The interplay between tuberculosis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Gustavo Guimarães Moreira Balbi^1,2, Francinne Machado-Ribeiro¹, Cláudia D L Marques³

¹Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|February 14, 2018

Summary

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant risk factor for developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE patients face higher rates of TB, often with severe, relapsing, and extrapulmonary forms, necessitating high clinical suspicion.

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Area of Science:

Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases
Immunology and Epidemiology

Background:

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health challenge.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and TB share a complex bidirectional relationship.
SLE patients exhibit increased susceptibility to TB, often with atypical presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the intricate connection between TB and SLE.
To elucidate TB's role in SLE pathogenesis and disease flares.
To provide guidance on risk assessment, prevention, and diagnosis of TB in SLE patients.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review of TB in SLE patients.
Analysis of epidemiological and molecular data.
Focus on extrapulmonary TB presentations and diagnostic challenges.

Main Results:

TB is more prevalent in SLE patients.
TB may contribute to SLE development and disease activity.
Extrapulmonary TB in SLE is common, with higher relapse rates.

Conclusions:

High index of suspicion for TB is crucial in SLE patients, particularly those from endemic areas.
Consider TB in SLE patients with nephritis or high corticosteroid exposure.
Early diagnosis and management of TB are vital in SLE patients.