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Related Concept Videos

Spontaneity02:21

Spontaneity

30.2K
A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. A nonspontaneous process, on the other hand, will not take place unless it is “driven” by the continual input of energy from an external source. Processes have a natural tendency to occur in one direction under a given set of conditions. Water will naturally flow downhill (spontaneous process), but uphill flow (nonspontaneous process) requires outside intervention such as the use of a pump. Iron exposed to...
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Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

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Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
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Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Gibbs Free Energy02:39

Gibbs Free Energy

39.7K
One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Determination of the Spontaneous Locomotor Activity in Drosophila melanogaster
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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

Shilpa Ojha1, Julian Gaskin1

  • 1ENT, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.

BMJ Case Reports
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, a rare condition in children, can cause surgical emphysema. This case report suggests conservative management and multidisciplinary team input are effective for pediatric spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

Keywords:
ear, nose and throat/otolaryngologypaediatric intensive care

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is characterized by free air in the mediastinum without trauma.
  • It is a rare, self-limiting condition often presenting with subcutaneous surgical emphysema.
  • Pediatric cases of SPM are exceptionally uncommon.

Observation:

  • A 12-year-old boy presented with extensive spontaneous surgical emphysema and pneumomediastinum.
  • The patient had no history of trauma or pre-existing respiratory conditions.
  • Assessment involved a multidisciplinary team (MDT) to evaluate management strategies.

Findings:

  • The case highlights the diagnostic and management challenges of pediatric SPM.
  • Computed tomography (CT) utility in diagnosing SPM was considered.
  • Coughing was hypothesized as the primary cause of tracheal rupture leading to SPM.

Implications:

  • Conservative management can be successful for pediatric spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
  • Multidisciplinary team collaboration is crucial for managing rare pediatric thoracic emergencies.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering SPM in pediatric patients with unexplained surgical emphysema.