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Related Concept Videos

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Muscles of the Vertebral Column

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The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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In an open-loop system, such as a basic thermostat, the poles of the transfer function influence the system's response but do not determine its stability. However, when feedback is introduced to form a closed-loop system, such as an advanced thermostat that adjusts heating based on room temperature, stability is governed by the new poles of the closed-loop transfer function.
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Organoids to Study Primary Ciliogenesis During ex vivo Organogenesis
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Centrobin controls primary ciliogenesis in vertebrates.

Yetunde Adesanya Ogungbenro1, Teresa Casar Tena2, David Gaboriau1,3

  • 1Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|February 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centrobin (CNTROB) is crucial for vertebrate ciliogenesis, regulating primary cilium formation and function. Its loss in cells and zebrafish embryos causes severe developmental defects, highlighting its essential role in cilia development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Centrobin (CNTROB) is a centrosomal protein interacting with BRCA2.
  • It is implicated in centriole duplication and microtubule stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of centrobin in primary ciliogenesis and vertebrate development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying centrobin's function in cilia formation.

Main Methods:

  • Genome editing (CRISPR-Cas9) to ablate CNTROB in hTERT-RPE1 cells.
  • Development of a novel monoclonal antibody for centrobin localization studies.
  • Ultrastructural analysis of centrosomes and cilia.
  • Depletion of centrobin in zebrafish embryos.

Main Results:

  • Loss of centrobin led to increased monocentriolar and acentriolar cells.
  • Centrobin localizes to daughter centrioles and mother centrioles upon serum starvation.
  • Centrobin deficiency abrogated primary ciliation and caused defective axonemal extension.
  • Zebrafish embryos depleted of centrobin exhibited microcephaly and ciliary dysfunction phenotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Centrobin is a positive regulator of vertebrate ciliogenesis.
  • A C-terminal region of centrobin, interacting with CP110 and tubulin, is essential for ciliogenesis.
  • Centrobin plays a critical role in embryonic development through its function in cilia.