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Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Drug Release Characteristics01:22

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Drug release from modified-release dosage forms is designed to achieve specific therapeutic effects by controlling the rate and extent of drug release. The classification of these drug release systems is based on key pharmacokinetic assumptions: drug disposition follows first-order kinetics, drug release is the rate-limiting step in absorption, and the released drug is rapidly and completely absorbed.There are four major models of drug release patterns. The first model is the slow zero-order...
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Modified-release (MR) dosage forms are designed to extend drug release over time, thereby maintaining stable plasma concentrations and reducing dosing frequency. However, their bioavailability is typically below 100% due to incomplete drug release and presystemic metabolism, and limitations in drug permeability across the gastrointestinal epithelium, all of which can restrict the fraction of the drug reaching systemic circulation. Consequently, studying the in vivo bioavailability of MR...
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Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...
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Related Experiment Video

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Electrospinning Growth Factor Releasing Microspheres into Fibrous Scaffolds
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Crosslinked Dextran Gel Microspheres with Computed Tomography Angiography and Drug Release Function.

Changhao Zhu1, Xiaoe Ma1, Dandan Ma1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Sipailou 2, Nanjing 210096, China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Research Institute of Southeast University in Suzhou, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.

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Novel dextran hydrogel microspheres were developed for CT angiography and drug delivery. These biocompatible microspheres show potential as embolization materials, offering controlled drug release and imaging capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Dextran hydrogels offer biocompatibility and tunable properties for biomedical applications.
  • Interventional embolization requires materials with specific size, mechanical properties, and imaging capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel dextran hydrogel microspheres for computed tomography (CT) angiography and drug delivery.
  • To evaluate the characteristics, drug loading/release, and CT angiography potential of these microspheres.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of β-cyclodextrin grafted poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) and succinic acid modified dextran.
  • Inverse suspension polymerization to form dextran hydrogel microspheres cross-linked with the grafted polymer.
  • Characterization of microsphere size, swelling, drug loading (doxorubicin hydrochloride), in vitro drug release, mechanical properties, and CT angiography capability using iodine incorporation.

Main Results:

  • Dextran hydrogel microspheres with an average diameter of 35 μm were successfully synthesized.
  • High swelling rate and drug loading capacity (9.2 wt% doxorubicin hydrochloride) were observed.
  • In vitro studies showed 35.5% drug release in 4 hours at 37 °C, with a Young's modulus of 20.0 kPa.
  • Iodine incorporation enabled preliminary CT angiography visualization.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized dextran hydrogel microspheres are suitable for interventional embolization.
  • These microspheres demonstrate potential for dual applications in drug delivery and CT angiography.
  • The good biocompatibility and tunable properties make them promising candidates for advanced medical applications.