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Related Concept Videos

Guidelines for Writing Outcome01:11

Guidelines for Writing Outcome

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When developing expected outcomes for a patient care plan, the nurse should adhere to the following recommendations:
Patient outcomes reflect the patient's response to the goal rather than what the nurse aims to achieve. Terminology should be observable and measurable to avoid the reader's interpretation. The desired outcome should be realistic and achievable in the designated care timeframe. Expected outcomes should align with adjunctive therapies. The outcome should enhance care...
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical...
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Pulse01:05

Pulse

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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Regulation of Pulse01:20

Regulation of Pulse

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Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

A Paired Bead and Magnet Array for Molding Microwells with Variable Concave Geometries
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Single-pulse writing of a concave microlens array.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a novel femtosecond laser (fs-laser) parallel processing method combined with wet etching to create 3D micro-optical components. The technique efficiently fabricates designable 3D concave microlens arrays on curved surfaces for advanced optical applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Micro-optics fabrication
    • Laser-based manufacturing
    • Nanophotonics

    Background:

    • Fabricating 3D micro-optical components with precise control over spatial distribution is challenging.
    • Existing methods often lack efficiency and scalability for complex 3D structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an efficient and parallel method for fabricating 3D micro-optical components.
    • To demonstrate the fabrication of a 3D concave microlens array on a curved surface.
    • To characterize the imaging properties of the fabricated micro-optical devices.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized femtosecond laser (fs-laser) parallel processing with a spatial light modulator to generate a 2D spot array.
    • Employed single-pulse exposure for parallel processing of the entire array.
    • Applied subsequent wet etching to create a close-packed hexagonal arrangement of 3D concave microlenses on a curved surface (radius ~120 μm).

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fabricated a 3D concave microlens array with designable spatial distribution on a curved surface.
    • Characterized the imaging performance using a microscope, revealing unique multi-plane imaging properties.
    • Demonstrated the parallel and efficient nature of the fs-laser assisted fabrication technique.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed fs-laser parallel processing and wet etching method is an efficient technique for fabricating 3D micro-optical devices.
    • The method allows for designable spatial distribution of micro-optics on curved surfaces.
    • Potential applications include optofluidics, optical communication, and integrated optics.