Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 14, 2026
13:57
Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective
Published on: July 1, 2015
13.2K
Multiple dimensions of excessive daytime sleepiness.
Sasha Smith1,2, Jennifer Rossdale2, Yaseen Serry1,2
1Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
Journal of Thoracic Disease
|February 16, 2018
Summary
Subjective sleepiness is better understood by assessing fatigue and anxiety, not just sleepiness scales. This multidimensional model improves understanding of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).
Area of Science:
- Sleep Medicine
- Psychology
- Quality of Life Research
Background:
- Investigated subjective sleepiness using a multidimensional model.
- Explored relationships between sleepiness, affect, fatigue, emotion, mood, and quality of life.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate a multidimensional model of sleepiness.
- To determine if dimensions of fatigue and anxiety better explain subjective sleepiness than isolated scales.
Main Methods:
- Assessed 50 patients at a sleep clinic using various scales: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), Samn-Perelli fatigue Scale (SPS), Global Vigor and Affect Scale (GVS/GAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A/D), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PAS/NAS).
- Recorded patient demographics including age, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI).
Main Results:
- Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores positively correlated with SSS, SPS, HADS-A, HADS-D, and NAS scores.
- ESS scores negatively correlated with GVS and GAS scores (P<0.05).
- Fatigue (SPS) and anxiety (HADS-A) scores were independently associated with ESS scores (R²=0.532, P<0.001).
Conclusions:
- A multidimensional model incorporating fatigue and anxiety dimensions provides a more comprehensive explanation of subjective sleepiness.
- The isolated use of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) may be insufficient for fully understanding subjective sleepiness.
Related Concept Videos
01:05Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction
7.0K
It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a...
7.0K
01:06Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving
5.5K
In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
A small car of mass 1,200 kg traveling east at 60 km/h collides at an intersection with a truck of mass 3,000 kg traveling due north at 40 km/h. The two vehicles are locked together. What is the...
A small car of mass 1,200 kg traveling east at 60 km/h collides at an intersection with a truck of mass 3,000 kg traveling due north at 40 km/h. The two vehicles are locked together. What is the...
5.5K
01:13Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble
3.6K
The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
3.6K
01:27Support Reactions in Three Dimensions
1.7K
Support reactions in three dimensions help maintain the stability and equilibrium of various structures and systems. These reactions prevent the system from translating and rotating, ensuring the design can withstand external forces and perform its intended function efficiently and safely. Some of the supports providing support reactions in three dimensions are discussed below:
Ball and Socket Joint is one of the supports allowing free rotation about any axis. This freedom of rotation is...
Ball and Socket Joint is one of the supports allowing free rotation about any axis. This freedom of rotation is...
1.7K
01:10Relative Velocity in One Dimension
11.1K
The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
11.1K
01:11Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions
9.2K
Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing...
9.2K