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Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...

Translation

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...

Initiation of Translation

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds

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Advanced Microengineered Lung Models for Translational Drug Discovery.

Brian F Niemeyer¹, Peng Zhao¹, Rubin M Tuder¹

¹1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.

SLAS Discovery : Advancing Life Sciences R & D

|February 16, 2018

Summary

Organ-on-chip technology offers new ways to model human lung diseases for drug development. These advanced lung models can improve preclinical testing and biomarker discovery for respiratory conditions.

Keywords:

biomarkers breathing-smoking human lung-on-a-chip drug development lungs small airway-on-a-chip translational respiratory medicine

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Respiratory Medicine
Drug Discovery

Background:

Lung diseases present a major global health and economic challenge.
Respiratory medicine has a limited pipeline of new therapies.
Current preclinical models lack the complexity to accurately mimic human lung physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of organ-on-chip technology for modeling human lung alveoli and small airways.
To assess the utility of these advanced models in preclinical drug development.
To identify opportunities for biomarker discovery in lung disease research.

Main Methods:

Utilizing organ-on-chip technology to create microfluidic devices that mimic human lung structures.
Developing models of the human lung alveolus and small airway.
Applying these models for preclinical testing of therapeutic candidates and biomarker identification.

Main Results:

Organ-on-chip systems show promise in replicating human lung organ-level complexity.
These microsystems can potentially improve the accuracy of preclinical drug efficacy and toxicity assessments.
The technology facilitates the discovery of novel biomarkers for lung diseases.

Conclusions:

Organ-on-chip technology presents a significant advancement for modeling human lung diseases.
Further development is needed to enhance clinical relevance, accessibility, and application in personalized medicine.
This technology holds the potential to accelerate the development of new therapies for lung conditions.