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Shoulder joint kinetics and dynamics during underwater forward arm elevation.

Jessy Lauer1, João Paulo Vilas-Boas2, Annie Hélène Rouard3

  • 1Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France; Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Journal of Biomechanics
|February 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Aquatic exercises offer progressive loading for rehabilitation. This study quantifies shoulder joint mechanics during underwater arm elevation, providing equations for designing tailored exercise protocols.

Keywords:
Aquatic rehabilitationComputational fluid dynamicsInverse dynamicsLoad

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Aquatic exercises are common in rehabilitation but lack clear mechanical load evaluation.
  • Designing progressive loading protocols for aquatic therapy is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify shoulder joint kinetics and dynamics during underwater forward arm elevation.
  • To develop predictive equations for shoulder mechanical loading in aquatic exercises.

Main Methods:

  • Coupled numerical fluid flow simulations and inverse dynamics.
  • Calculated net joint moments, joint power, and joint work in 18 participants.
  • Analyzed arm elevation at speeds from 22.5 to 90°/s.

Main Results:

  • Shoulder joint dynamics revealed propulsion, stabilization, and resistance functions.
  • Peak joint power increased significantly with speed, reaching ~0.20 W·kg⁻¹ at 90°/s.
  • Peak moments increased up to 61x from 22.5°/s to 90°/s, with decreased joint stability contribution at higher speeds.

Conclusions:

  • Slow aquatic arm elevations (<30°/s) promote joint mobility with low mechanical stress.
  • High-speed elevations (90°/s) provide sufficient intensity for muscular endurance.
  • Provided predictive equations enable easy design of progressive aquatic rehabilitation protocols.