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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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Reference Values and Accuracy-Influencing Factors for Knee Joint-Position Sense Assessments: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Joana Azevedo1, Adérito Seixas2, Pedro Fonseca3

  • 1FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, Escola Superior de Saúde Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Journal of Motor Behavior
|March 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study established reference values for knee joint-position sense in young adults. Prone positions and bipedal squats showed higher errors, indicating protocol impacts accuracy more than individual factors.

Keywords:
Reference valueshealthyjoint-position sensekneeproprioception

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Area of Science:

  • Kinesiology and Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Accurate joint-position sense is crucial for motor control and injury prevention.
  • Establishing reliable reference values for knee proprioception is essential for clinical assessments.
  • Previous research has not comprehensively evaluated protocol and individual factors influencing knee joint-position sense accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine reference values for knee joint-position sense in healthy young individuals.
  • To investigate the impact of different testing positions (sitting, prone, standing) and movement types (concentric, eccentric, squats) on accuracy.
  • To identify individual factors (limb dominance, sex) that may influence knee joint-position sense.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 62 healthy young participants.
  • Knee joint-position sense was assessed using absolute angular error at target angles of 20° and 45°.
  • Testing included sitting/prone positions with concentric/eccentric repositioning and standing unilateral/bilateral squats.

Main Results:

  • Reference values varied by position: sitting (2.7°-3.7°), prone (4.0°-4.9°), and standing (unipedal 2.4°-3.0°, bipedal 3.0°-4.3°).
  • Prone positions and bipedal squats yielded significantly higher errors compared to sitting, standing, and unipedal squats, respectively.
  • Accuracy was not significantly affected by limb dominance, sex, or movement type (concentric/eccentric).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides normative data for knee joint-position sense across various assessment protocols.
  • Testing position and stance (unipedal vs. bipedal) are significant protocol-related factors influencing knee proprioception accuracy.
  • Individual characteristics do not appear to substantially impact knee joint-position sense in this population.